At least one character must be identifiably bisexual, lesbian, gay, and/or transgender.“Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit” (1993)ĭeveloped by GLAAD, the Vito Russo Test-named after film historian and GLAAD co-founder Vito Russo-addresses LGBTQ+ representation.Movies that pass the DuVernay Test include: This test seeks to encourage screenwriters and filmmakers to include complex POC characters with their own plotlines, fully developed personhood, and narrative significance. Named after director-writer-producer Ava DuVernay, according to Dargis, the test gauges whether “African Americans and other minorities have fully realized lives rather than as scenery in white stories.” Many others can be used to gauge inclusivity and comprehensive representation, such as: The DuVernay TestĬreated by New York Times film critic Manohla Dargis in 2016, this test evaluates the representation of people of color in the media. The Bechdel Test is just one means of assessing scripts. In addition to film, the test can be applied to video games, television shows, plays, and literature. Though Bechdel described the test as “a little lesbian joke in an alternative feminist newspaper,” it entered into the critical conversation decades later as a barometer to use when thinking about gender representation in media. (The author prefers to call it the Bechdel-Wallace Test for that reason.) Bechdel has said that her friend Liz Wallace came up with the idea, which was also inspired by the writings of Virginia Woolf. The comic depicts two queer women discussing movies one remarks that she will only see a film if it meets a certain set of requirements involving female characters. The Bechdel Test first appeared in a 1985 strip of “Dykes to Watch Out For,” a long-running comic by cartoonist and writer Alison Bechdel (“Fun Home”).

Some iterations of the Bechdel test require that the two women be named. To pass, the work must feature at least two women who speak to each other about something other than a man. The Bechdel test is a measure of the representation of women in film and other forms of fiction.

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